Python dictionaries vs C++ std:unordered_map (cython) vs cythonized python dict

I was trying to measure the performance between python dictionaries, cythonized python dictionaries and cythonized cpp std::unordered_map doing only a init procedure. If the cythonized cpp code is compiled I thought it should be faster than the pure python version. I did a test using 4 different scenario/notation options:

• Cython CPP code using std::unordered_map and Cython book notation (defining a pair and using insert method)


• Cython CPP code using std::unordered_map and python notation (map[key] = value)


• Cython code (typed code) using python dictionaries (map[key] = value)


• Pure python code

I was expecting see how cython code outperforms pure python code, but surprisingly the pure python code is much more faster than cython versions. How can we explain that?... am I missing something?. I'm using Cython 0.22, python-3.4 and g++-4.8.

I got this exec time (seconds) using timeit:

• Cython CPP book notation -> 60.531494464725256


• Cython CPP python notation -> 59.7511575082317


• Cython python notation -> 19.937705864198506


• Pure python -> 18.230739895720035

Code is here and you can use it:

cython -a map_example.pyx
python3 setup_map.py build_ext --inplace
python3 use_map_example.py

map_example.pyx

from libcpp.unordered_map cimport unordered_map
from libcpp.pair cimport pair

cpdef int example_cpp_book_notation(int limit):
    cdef unordered_map[int, int] mapa
    cdef pair[int, int] entry

    cdef int i

    for i in range(limit):
        entry.first = i
        entry.second = i
        mapa.insert(entry)
    return 0

cpdef int example_cpp_python_notation(int limit):
    cdef unordered_map[int, int] mapa
    cdef pair[int, int] entry

    cdef int i

    for i in range(limit):
        mapa[i] = i

    return 0


cpdef int example_ctyped_notation(int limit):
    mapa = {}
    cdef int i
    for i in range(limit):
        mapa[i] = i
    return 0

setup_map.py

from distutils.core import setup
from distutils.extension import Extension
from Cython.Build import cythonize
from Cython.Distutils import build_ext

import os

os.environ["CC"] = "g++"
os.environ["CXX"] = "g++"


modules = [Extension("MapExample",
                 ["map_example.pyx"],
                 language = "c++",
                 extra_compile_args=["-std=c++11"],
                 extra_link_args=["-std=c++11"])]

setup(name="MapExample",
     cmdclass={"build_ext": build_ext},
     ext_modules=modules)

use_map_example.py

import map_example

C_MAXV = 100000000
C_NUMBER = 10

def cython_cpp_book_notation():
    x = 1
    while(x<C_MAXV):
        map_example.example_cpp_book_notation(x)
        x *= 10

def cython_cpp_python_notation():
    x = 1
    while(x<C_MAXV):
        map_example.example_cpp_python_notation(x)
        x *= 10

def cython_ctyped_notation():
    x = 1
    while(x<C_MAXV):
        map_example.example_ctyped_notation(x)
        x *= 10


def pure_python():
    x = 1
    while(x<C_MAXV):
        map_a = {}
        for i in range(x):
            map_a[i] = i
        x *= 10
    return 0


if __name__ == '__main__':
    import timeit

    print("Cython CPP book notation")
    print(timeit.timeit("cython_cpp_book_notation()", setup="from __main__ import cython_cpp_book_notation", number=C_NUMBER))


    print("Cython CPP python notation")
    print(timeit.timeit("cython_cpp_python_notation()", setup="from __main__ import cython_cpp_python_notation", number=C_NUMBER))


    print("Cython python notation")
    print(timeit.timeit("cython_ctyped_notation()", setup="from __main__ import cython_ctyped_notation", number=C_NUMBER))

    print("Pure python")
    print(timeit.timeit("pure_python()", setup="from __main__ import pure_python", number=C_NUMBER))